Techniques for producing an electrical pulse

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus, comprising a field emission source having polarities and positions in accordance with a code, a plurality of connected coils adapted to move proximate to said field emission source and having positions in accordance with said code, and wherein an electrical pulse is created when said field emission source is aligned with said plurality of connected coils according to said code.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Non-provisional application is a continuation-in-part ofNon-provisional application Ser. No. 12/358,423, filed Jan. 23, 2008,titled “A Field Emission System and Method”, by Fullerton et al., whichis a continuation-in-part of Non-provisional application Ser. No.12/123,718, filed May 20, 2008, titled “A Field Emission System andMethod”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/123,019, filed Apr. 4, 2008, titled “A Field Emission System andMethod”, which are all incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The creation of an electric pulse is vital to numerous applications.Several methods are currently available to produce such a pulse and arein need of improvement. For example, but not by way of limitation, amagneto is a device used in the ignition system of gasoline-poweredinternal combustion engines to provide pulses of high voltage electricalpower to the spark plugs.

Although the present invention is not limited to this type, in the typeknown as a shuttle magneto, an engine rotates a coil of wire between thepoles of a magnet. In the inductor magneto, the magnet is rotated andthe coil remains stationary.

On each revolution, a cam opens the contact breaker one or more times,interrupting the current, which causes the electromagnetic field in theprimary coil to collapse. As the field collapses there is a voltageinduced (as described by Faraday's Law) across the primary coil. As thepoints open, point spacing is such that the voltage across the primarycoil will arc across the points. A capacitor is placed across the pointsto suppress the arc, set the amount of voltage across the primary coil,and to control the rate at which the electrical energy dissipates in theprimary coil.

A second coil, with many more turns than the primary, is wound on thesame iron core to form an electrical transformer. The ratio of turns inthe secondary winding to the number of turns in the primary winding, iscalled the turns ratio. Voltage across the primary coil results in aproportional voltage being induced across the secondary winding of thecoil. The turns ratio between the primary and secondary coil is selectedso that the voltage across the secondary reaches a very high value,enough to arc across the gap of the spark plug.

As the above process is inefficient in many respects, there is anongoing need to improve upon existing techniques to produce anelectrical pulse.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for producing anelectrical pulse, comprising a first object having a field emissionstructure comprising a plurality of field emission sources havingpolarities and positions in accordance with a code; and a second objecthaving a plurality of coils, the plurality of coils being wired andhaving positions in accordance with the code, the first object movingrelative to the second object to align the field emission structure withthe plurality of coils, the alignment of the field emission structurewith the plurality of coils producing the electrical pulse.

In an embodiment of the present invention the plurality of fieldemission sources may comprise permanent magnets and the field emissionstructure and the plurality of coils may be aligned periodically.Further, the code may be a Barker code.

An embodiment of the present invention provides that the second objectwith the plurality of coils may be embedded in a wheel structure, and anarch-like structure associated with the first object may be formedaround the wheel and wherein the wheel may be adapted to turn inside thearch-like structure about an axis.

Further, in an embodiment of the present invention the second objectwith the plurality of coils may be formed on the outside of a wheelstructure, and an arch-like structure associated with the first objectmay be formed around the wheel structure and wherein the wheel structuremay be adapted to turn inside the arch-like structure about an axis.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides that the secondobject with the plurality of coils may be embedded in, or on the outsideof, a wheel structure, and a donut shaped structure associated with thefirst object may completely surround the wheel structure and wherein thewheel structure may be adapted to turn inside the donut shapedstructure.

Still another embodiment of the present invention provides that thesecond object with the plurality of coils may be on the top of a wheelstructure, and the first object may be formed on a bottom portion of apartial arch structure positioned above the wheel structure, wherein thewheel may be adapted to turn beneath the partial arch structure.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a method,comprising producing an electrical pulse by passing a field emissionstructure, comprising a plurality of field emission sources that havepolarities and positions in accordance with a code, proximately to aplurality of wired coils having positions in accordance with the code,such that when the field emission structure aligns with the plurality ofcoils in a manner consistent with the code, the plurality of coilsproduces the electrical pulse.

Still another embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus,comprising a field emission source having polarities and positions inaccordance with a code; a plurality of connected coils adapted to moveproximate to the field emission source and having positions inaccordance with the code; and wherein an electrical pulse is createdwhen the field emission source is aligned with the plurality ofconnected coils according to the code.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical orfunctionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of areference number identifies the drawing in which the reference numberfirst appears.

FIG. 1 depicts South and North poles and magnetic field vectors of anexemplary magnet;

FIG. 2 depicts iron filings oriented in the magnetic field produced by abar magnet;

FIG. 3 a depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities areopposite in direction resulting in a repelling spatial force;

FIG. 3 b depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities are thesame in direction resulting in an attracting spatial force;

FIG. 4 a depicts two magnets having substantial alignment;

FIG. 4 b depicts two magnets having partial alignment;

FIG. 4 c depicts different sized magnets having partial alignment;

FIG. 5 a depicts a Barker length 7 code used to determine polarities andpositions of magnets making up a magnetic field emission structure whereall of the magnets have the same field strength;

FIGS. 5 b-5 o depict exemplary alignments of complementary magneticfield structures;

FIG. 5 p provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 5 b-5o;

FIG. 6 depicts the binary autocorrelation function of a Barker length 7code;

FIG. 7 a depicts a Barker length 7 code used to determine polarities andpositions of magnets making up a first magnetic field emission structurewhere two of the magnets have different field strengths;

FIGS. 7 b-7 o depict exemplary alignments of complementary magneticfield structures;

FIG. 7 p provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 7 b-7o;

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 7 b-7 o and FIG. 7 p;

FIG. 9 a depicts exemplary code wrapping of a Barker length 7 code thatis used to determine polarities and positions of magnets making up afirst magnetic field emission structure;

FIGS. 9 b-9 o depict exemplary alignments of complementary magneticfield structures;

FIG. 9 p provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 9 b-9o;

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 9 b-9 o and FIG. 9 p;

FIG. 11 a depict a magnetic field structure that corresponds to twomodulos of the Barker length 7 code end-to-end;

FIGS. 11 b through 11 ab depict 27 different alignments of two magneticfield emission structures like that of FIG. 11 a;

FIG. 11 ac provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 11b-11 ab;

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 11 b-11 ab and FIG. 11 ac;

FIG. 13 a depicts an exemplary spatial force function of magnetic fieldemission structures produced by repeating a one-dimensional code acrossa second dimension N times where movement is across the code;

FIG. 13 b depicts an exemplary spatial force function of magnetic fieldemission structures produced by repeating a one-dimensional code acrossa second dimension N times where movement maintains alignment with up toall N coded rows of the structure and down to one;

FIG. 14 a depicts a two dimensional Barker-like code and a correspondingtwo-dimensional magnetic field emission structure;

FIG. 14 b depicts exemplary spatial force functions resulting frommirror image magnetic field emission structure and −90° rotated mirrorimage magnetic field emission structure moving across a magnetic fieldemission structure;

FIG. 14 c depicts variations of a magnetic field emission structurewhere rows are reordered randomly in an attempt to affect itsdirectionality characteristics;

FIGS. 14 d and 14 e depict exemplary spatial force functions of selectedmagnetic field emission structures having randomly reordered rows movingacross mirror image magnetic field emission structures both withoutrotation and as rotated −90, respectively;

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary system for producing an electric pulse inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 16A-16C depict exemplary alignments of a first object with asecond object of embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary correlation function showing a voltageproduced by a coil structure given relative alignments of the coilstructure and a magnetic field structure of embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 18A and 18B depict another exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 18C depicts yet another exemplary system for producing an electricpulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 18D depicts still another exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 19 depicts a further exemplary system for producing an electricpulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary two-dimensional version of the system forproducing an electric pulse in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 21A depicts still another exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 21B depicts an alternative exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 22A depicts a top down view of a wheel having a magnetic fieldstructure installed along a portion of its side according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 22B is an illustration similar to FIG. 22A except it depictsmagnets that are associated with switches and capacitors of analternative coil structure of embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention as used in anignition system of a two-cycle engine;

FIGS. 24A-24B depict exemplary connectivity of ferromagnetic materialwithin coils oriented perpendicular to the direction of movement ofcorresponding magnets;

FIGS. 24C-24D depict exemplary connectivity of ferromagnetic materialwithin coils oriented parallel to the direction of movement ofcorresponding magnets; and

FIG. 25 depicts an exemplary correlated inductive battery chargercircuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully in detail withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which the preferredembodiments of the invention are shown. This invention should not,however, be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein;rather, they are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to thoseskilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

FIG. 1 depicts South and North poles and magnetic field vectors of anexemplary magnet. Referring to FIG. 1, a magnet 100 has a South pole 102and a North pole 104. Also depicted are magnetic field vectors 106 thatrepresent the direction and magnitude of the magnet's moment. North andSouth poles are also referred to herein as positive (+) and negative (−)poles, respectively. In accordance with the invention, magnets can bepermanent magnets, impermanent magnets, electromagnets,electro-permanent magnets, involve hard or soft material, and can besuperconductive. In some applications, magnets can be replaced byelectrets. Magnets can be most any size from very large to very small toinclude nanometer scale. In the case of non-superconducting materialsthere is a smallest size limit of one domain. When a material is madesuperconductive, however, the magnetic field that is within it can be ascomplex as desired and there is no practical lower size limit until youget to atomic scale. Magnets may also be created at atomic scale aselectric and magnetic fields produced by molecular size structures maybe tailored to have correlated properties, e.g. nanomaterials andmacromolecules.

At the nanometer scale, one or more single domains can be used forcoding where each single domain has a code and the quantization of themagnetic field would be the domain.

FIG. 2 depicts iron filings oriented in the magnetic field 200 (i.e.,field domain) produced by a single bar magnet.

FIG. 3 a depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities areopposite in direction resulting in a repelling spatial force. Referringto FIG. 3 a, two magnets 100 a and 100 b are aligned such that theirpolarities are opposite in direction. Specifically, a first magnet 100 ahas a South pole 102 on the left and a North pole 104 on the right,whereas a second magnet 100 b has a North pole 104 on the left and aSouth pole 102 on the right such that when aligned the magnetic fieldvectors 106 a of the first magnet 100 a are directed against themagnetic field vectors 106 b of the second magnet 100 b resulting in arepelling spatial force 300 that causes the two magnets to repel eachother.

FIG. 3 b depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities are thesame in direction resulting in an attracting spatial force. Referring toFIG. 3 b, two magnets 100 a and 100 b are aligned such that theirpolarities are in the same direction. Specifically, a first magnet 100 ahas a South pole 102 on the left and a North pole 104 on the right, anda second magnet 100 b also has South pole 102 on the left and a Northpole 104 on the right such that when aligned the magnetic field vectors106 a of the first magnet 100 a are directed the same as the magneticfield vectors 106 a of the second magnet 100 b resulting in anattracting spatial force 302 that causes the two magnets to attract eachother.

FIG. 4 a depicts two magnets 100 a, 100 b having substantial alignment400 such that the North pole 104 of the first magnet 100 a hassubstantially full contact across its surface with the surface of theSouth pole 102 of the second magnet 10 b.

FIG. 4 b depicts two magnets 100 a, 100 b having partial alignment 402such that the North pole 104 of the first magnet 100 a is in contactacross its surface with approximately two-thirds of the surface of theSouth pole 102 of the second magnet 100 b.

FIG. 4 c depicts a first sized magnet 100 a and smaller different sizedmagnets 100 b 100 c having partial alignment 404. As seen in FIG. 4 c,the two smaller magnets 100 b and 100 c are aligned differently with thelarger magnet 100 a.

Generally, one skilled in the art will recognize in relation to FIGS. 4a through 4 c that the direction of the vectors 106 a of the attractingmagnets will cause them to align in the same direction as the vectors106 a. However, the magnets can be moved relative to each other suchthat they have partial alignment yet they will still ‘stick’ to eachother and maintain their positions relative to each other.

In accordance with the present invention, combinations of magnet (orelectric) field emission sources, referred to herein as magnetic fieldemission structures, can be created in accordance with codes havingdesirable correlation properties. When a magnetic field emissionstructure is brought into alignment with a complementary, or mirrorimage, magnetic field emission structure the various magnetic fieldemission sources all align causing a peak spatial attraction force to beproduced whereby misalignment of the magnetic field emission structurescauses the various magnetic field emission sources to substantiallycancel each other out as function of the code used to design thestructures. Similarly, when a magnetic field emission structure isbrought into alignment with a duplicate magnetic field emissionstructure the various magnetic field emission sources all align causinga peak spatial repelling force to be produced whereby misalignment ofthe magnetic field emission structures causes the various magnetic fieldemission sources to substantially cancel each other out. As such,spatial forces are produced in accordance with the relative alignment ofthe field emission structures and a spatial force function. As describedherein, these spatial force functions can be used to achieve precisionalignment and precision positioning. Moreover, these spatial forcefunctions enable the precise control of magnetic fields and associatedspatial forces thereby enabling new forms of attachment devices forattaching objects with precise alignment and new systems and methods forcontrolling precision movement of objects. Generally, a spatial forcehas a magnitude that is a function of the relative alignment of twomagnetic field emission structures and their corresponding spatial force(or correlation) function, the spacing (or distance) between the twomagnetic field emission structures, and the magnetic field strengths andpolarities of the sources making up the two magnetic field emissionstructures.

The characteristic of the present invention whereby the various magneticfield sources making up two magnetic field emission structures caneffectively cancel out each other when they are brought out of alignmentcan be described as a release force (or a release mechanism). Thisrelease force or release mechanism is a direct result of the correlationcoding used to produce the magnetic field emission structures and,depending on the code employed, can be present regardless of whether thealignment of the magnetic field emission structures corresponds to arepelling force or an attraction force.

One skilled in the art of coding theory will recognize that there aremany different types of codes having different correlation propertiesthat have been used in communications for channelization purposes,energy spreading, modulation, and other purposes. Many of the basiccharacteristics of such codes make them applicable for use in producingthe magnetic field emission structures described herein. For example,Barker codes are known for their autocorrelation properties. Although,Barker codes are used herein for exemplary purposes, other forms ofcodes well known in the art because of their autocorrelation,cross-correlation, or other properties are also applicable to thepresent invention including, for example, Gold codes, Kasami sequences,hyperbolic congruential codes, quadratic congruential codes, linearcongruential codes, Welch-Costas array codes, Golomb-Costas array codes,pseudorandom codes, chaotic codes, and Optimal Golomb Ruler codes.Generally, any code can be employed.

The correlation principles of the present invention may or may notrequire overcoming normal ‘magnet orientation’ behavior using a holdingmechanism. For example, magnets of the same magnetic field emissionstructure can be sparsely separated from other magnets (e.g., in asparse array) such that the magnetic forces of the individual magnets donot substantially interact, in which case the polarity of individualmagnets can be varied in accordance with a code without requiring asubstantial holding force to prevent magnetic forces from ‘flipping’ amagnet. Magnets that are close enough such that their magnetic forcessubstantially interact such that their magnetic forces would normallycause one of them to ‘flip’ so that their moment vectors align can bemade to remain in a desired orientation by use of a holding mechanismsuch as an adhesive, a screw, a bolt & nut, etc.

FIG. 5 a depicts a Barker length 7 code used to determine polarities andpositions of magnets making up a magnetic field emission structure.Referring to FIG. 5 a, a Barker length 7 code 500 is used to determinethe polarities and the positions of magnets making up a magnetic fieldemission structure 502. Each magnet has the same or substantially thesame magnetic field strength (or amplitude), which for the sake of thisexample is provided a unit of 1 (where A=Attract, R=Repel, A=−R, A=1,R=−1).

FIGS. 5 b through 5 o depict different alignments of two complementarymagnetic field structures like that of FIG. 5 a. Referring to FIGS. 5 bthrough 5 o, a first magnetic field structure 502 a is held stationary.A second magnetic field emission structure 502 b that is identical tothe first magnetic field emission structure 502 a is shown sliding fromleft to right in 13 different alignments relative to the first magneticfield emission structure 502 a in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o. The boundarywhere individual magnets of the two structures interact is referred toherein as an interface boundary. (Note that although the first magneticfield emission structure 502 a is identical to the second magnetic fieldstructure in terms of magnet field directions, the interfacing poles areof opposite or complementary polarity).

The total magnetic force between the first and second magnetic fieldemission structures 502 a 502 b is determined as the sum from left toright along the structure of the individual forces, at each magnetposition, of each magnet or magnet pair interacting with its directlyopposite corresponding magnet in the opposite magnetic field emissionstructure. Where only one magnet exists, the corresponding magnet is 0,and the force is 0. Where two magnets exist, the force is R for equalpoles or A for opposite poles. Thus, for FIG. 5 b, the first sixpositions to the left have no interaction. The one position in thecenter shows two “S” poles in contact for a repelling force of 1. Thenext six positions to the right have no interaction, for a total forceof 1R=−1, a repelling force of magnitude 1. The spatial correlation ofthe magnets for the various alignments is similar to radio frequency(RF) signal correlation in time, since the force is the sum of theproducts of the magnet strengths of the opposing magnet pairs over thelateral width of the structure. Thus,

$f = {\sum\limits_{{n = 1},N}{p_{n}q_{n}}}$

-   -   where,    -   f is the total magnetic force between the two structures,    -   n is the position along the structure up to maximum position N,        and    -   p_(n) are the strengths and polarities of the lower magnets at        each position n.    -   q_(n) are the strengths and polarities of the upper magnets at        each position n.

An alternative equation separates strength and polarity variables, asfollows:

$f = {\sum\limits_{{n = 1},N}{l_{n}p_{n}u_{n}q_{n}}}$

-   -   where,    -   f is the total magnetic force between the two structures,    -   n is the position along the structure up to maximum position N,    -   l_(n) are the strengths of the lower magnets at each position n,    -   p_(n) are the polarities (1 or −1) of the lower magnets at each        position n,    -   u_(n) are the strengths of the upper magnets at each position n,        and    -   q_(n) are the polarities (1 or −1) of the upper magnets at each        position n,

The above force calculations can be performed for each shift of the twostructures to plot a force vs. position function for the two structures.A force vs. position function may alternatively be called a spatialforce function. In other words, for each relative alignment, the numberof magnet pairs that repel plus the number of magnet pairs that attractis calculated, where each alignment has a spatial force in accordancewith a spatial force function based upon the correlation function andmagnetic field strengths of the magnets. With the specific Barker codeused, it can be observed from the figures that the spatial force variesfrom −1 to 7, where the peak occurs when the two magnetic field emissionstructures are aligned such that their respective codes are aligned asshown in FIG. 5 h and FIG. 5 i. (FIG. 5 h and FIG. 5 i show the samealignment, which is repeated for continuity between the two columns offigures). The off peak spatial force, referred to as a side lobe force,varies from 0 to −1. As such, the spatial force function causes themagnetic field emission structures to generally repel each other unlessthey are aligned such that each of their magnets is correlated with acomplementary magnet (i.e., a magnet's South pole aligns with anothermagnet's North pole, or vice versa). In other words, the two magneticfield emission structures substantially correlate when they are alignedsuch that they substantially mirror each other.

FIG. 5 p depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o in asingle diagram. In FIG. 5 p, a first magnet structure 502 a isstationary while a second magnet structure 502 b is moved across the topof the first magnet structure 502 a in one direction 508 according to ascale 504. The second magnet structure 502 b is shown at position 1according to an indicating pointer 506, which moves with the left magnetof the second structure 502 b. As the second magnet structure 502 b ismoved from left to right, the total attraction and repelling forces aredetermined and plotted in the graph of FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 depicts the binary autocorrelation function 600 of the Barkerlength 7 code, where the values at each alignment position 1 through 13correspond to the spatial force values calculated for the thirteenalignment positions shown in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o (and in FIG. 5 p). Assuch, since the magnets making up the magnetic field emission structures502 a, 502 b have the same magnetic field strengths, FIG. 6 also depictsthe spatial force function of the two magnetic field emission structuresof FIGS. 5 b-5 o and 5 p. As the true autocorrelation function forcorrelated magnet field structures is repulsive, and most of the usesenvisioned will have attractive correlation peaks, the usage of the term‘autocorrelation’ herein will refer to complementary correlation unlessotherwise stated. That is, the interacting faces of two such correlatedmagnetic field emission structures will be complementary to (i.e.,mirror images of) each other. This complementary autocorrelationrelationship can be seen in FIG. 5 b where the bottom face of the firstmagnetic field emission structure 502 b having the pattern ‘S S S N N SN’ is shown interacting with the top face of the second magnetic fieldemission structure 502 a having the pattern ‘N N N S S N S’, which isthe mirror image (pattern) of the bottom face of the first magneticfield emission structure 502 b.

The attraction functions of FIG. 6 and others in this disclosure areidealized, but illustrate the main principle and primary performance.The curves show the performance assuming equal magnet size, shape, andstrength and equal distance between corresponding magnets. Forsimplicity, the plots only show discrete integer positions andinterpolate linearly. Actual force values may vary from the graph due tovarious factors such as diagonal coupling of adjacent magnets, magnetshape, spacing between magnets, properties of magnetic materials, etc.The curves also assume equal attract and repel forces for equaldistances. Such forces may vary considerably and may not be equaldepending on magnet material and field strengths. High coercive forcematerials typically perform well in this regard.

FIG. 7 a depicts a Barker length 7 code 500 used to determine polaritiesand positions of magnets making up a magnetic field emission structure702. Each magnet has the same or substantially the same magnetic fieldstrength (or amplitude), which for the sake of this example is provideda unit of 1 (A=−R, A=1, R=−1), with the exception of two magnetsindicated with bolded N and S that have twice the magnetic strength asthe other magnets. As such, a bolded magnet and non-bolded magnetrepresent 1.5 times the strength as two non-bolded magnets and twobolded magnets represent twice the strength of two non-bolded magnets.

FIGS. 7 b through 7 o depict different alignments of two complementarymagnetic field structures like that of FIG. 7 a. Referring to FIGS. 7 bthrough 7 o, a first magnetic field structure 702 a is held stationary.A second magnetic field emission structure 702 b that is identical tothe first magnetic field emission structure 702 a is shown in 13different alignments relative to the first magnetic field emissionstructure 702 a in FIGS. 7 b through 7 o. For each relative alignment,the number of magnet pairs that repel plus the number of magnet pairsthat attract is calculated, where each alignment has a spatial force inaccordance with a spatial force function based upon the correlationfunction and the magnetic field strengths of the magnets. With thespecific Barker code used, the spatial force varies from −2.5 to 9,where the peak occurs when the two magnetic field emission structuresare aligned such that their respective codes are aligned. The off peakspatial force, referred to as the side lobe force, varies from 0.5 to−2.5. As such, the spatial force function causes the structures to haveminor repel and attract forces until about two-thirds aligned when thereis a fairly strong repel force that weakens just before they arealigned. When the structures are substantially aligned their codes alignand they strongly attract as if the magnets in the structures were notcoded.

FIG. 7 p depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 7 b through 7 o in asingle diagram. In FIG. 7 p, a first magnet structure 702 a isstationary while a second magnet structure 702 b is moved across the topof the first magnet structure 702 a in a direction 708 according to ascale 704. The second magnet structure 702 b is shown at position 1according to an indicating pointer 706, which moves with the left magnetof the second structure 702 b. As the second magnet structure 702 b ismoved from left to right, the total attraction and repelling forces aredetermined and plotted in the graph of FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary spatial force function 800 of the twomagnetic field emission structures of FIGS. 7 b through 7 o (and FIG. 7p).

The examples provided thus far have used the Barker 7 code to illustratethe principles of the invention. Barker codes have been found to existin lengths up to 13. Table 1 shows Barker codes up to length 13.Additional Barker codes may be generated by cyclic shifts (registerrotations) or negative polarity (multiply by −1) transformations of thecodes of Table 1. The technical literature includes Barker-like codes ofeven greater length. Barker codes offer a peak force equal to the lengthand a maximum misaligned force of 1 or −1. Thus, the ratio of peak tomaximum misaligned force is length/l or −length/l.

TABLE 1 Barker Codes Length Codes 2 +1 −1 +1 +1 3 +1 +1 −1 4 +1 −1 +1 +1+1 −1 −1 −1 5 +1 +1 +1 −1 +1 7 +1 +1 +1 −1 −1 +1 −1 11 +1 +1 +1 −1 −1 −1+1 −1 −1 +1 −1 13 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 −1 −1 +1 +1 −1 +1 −1 +1

Numerous other codes are known in the literature for low autocorrelationwhen misaligned and may be used for magnet structure definition asillustrated with the Barker 7 code. Such codes include, but are notlimited to maximal length PN sequences, Kasami codes, Golomb ruler codesand others. Codes with low non-aligned autocorrelation offer theprecision lock at the alignment point as shown in FIG. 6.

Pseudo Noise (PN) and noise sequences also offer codes with lownon-aligned autocorrelation. Most generally a noise sequence orpseudo-noise sequence is a sequence of 1 and −1 values that is generatedby a true random process, such as a noise diode or other natural source,or is numerically generated in a deterministic (non random) process thathas statistical properties much like natural random processes. Thus,many true random and pseudo random processes may generate suitable codesfor use with the present invention. Random processes however will likelyhave random variations in the sidelobe amplitude, i.e., non-alignedforce as a function of distance from alignment; whereas, Barker codesand others may have a constant amplitude when used as cyclic codes (FIG.9 a). One such family is maximal length PN codes generated by linearfeedback shift registers (LFSR). LFSR codes offer a family of very longcodes with a constant low level non-aligned cyclic autocorrelation. Thecodes come in lengths of powers of two minus one and several differentcodes of the same length are generally available for the longer lengths.LFSR codes offer codes in much longer lengths than are available withBarker codes. Table 2 summarizes the properties for a few of the shorterlengths. Extensive data on LFSR codes is available in the literature.

TABLE 2 LFSR Sequences Number of Length of Number of Example Stagessequences Sequences feedback 2 3 1 1, 2 3 7 2 2, 3 4 15 2 3, 4 5 31 6 3,5 6 63 6 5, 6 7 127 18 6, 7 8 255 16 4, 5, 6, 8  9 511 48 5, 9 10 102360  7, 10

The literature for LFSR sequences and related sequences such as Gold andKasami often uses a 0, 1 notation and related mathematics. The twostates 0, 1 may be mapped to the two states −1, +1 for use with magnetpolarities. An exemplary LFSR sequence for a length 4 shift registerstarting at 1,1,1,1 results in the feedback sequence: 000100110101111,which may be mapped to: −1, −1, −1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1,+1, +1, +1. Alternatively, the opposite polarities may be used or acyclic shift may be used.

Code families also exist that offer a set of codes that may act as aunique identifier or key, requiring a matching part to operate thedevice. Kasami codes and other codes can achieve keyed operation byoffering a set of codes with low cross correlation in addition to lowautocorrelation. Low cross correlation for any non-aligned offset meansthat one code of the set will not match and thus not lock with astructure built according to the another code in the set. For example,two structures A and A*, based on code A and the complementary code A*,will slide and lock at the precision lock point. Two structures B and B*from the set of low cross correlation codes will also slide and locktogether at the precision alignment point. However, code A will slidewith low attraction at any point but will not lock with code B* becauseof the low cross correlation properties of the code. Thus, the code canact like a key that will only achieve lock when matched with a like(complementary) pattern.

Kasami sequences are binary sequences of length 2^(N) where N is an eveninteger. Kasami sequences have low cross-correlation values approachingthe Welch lower bound for all time shifts and may be used as cycliccodes. There are two classes of Kasami sequences—the small set and thelarge set.

The process of generating a Kasami sequence starts by generating amaximum length sequence an, where n=1 . . . 2^(N)−1. Maximum lengthsequences are cyclic sequences so an is repeated periodically for nlarger than 2^(N)−1. Next, we generate another sequence b, by generatinga decimated sequence of a_(n) at a period of q=2^(N/2)+1, i.e., bytaking every bit of a_(n). We generate b_(n) by repeating the decimatedsequence q times to form a sequence of length 2^(N)−1. We thencyclically shift b_(n) and add to a_(n) for the remaining 2^(N)−2 nonrepeatable shifts. The Kasami set of codes comprises a_(n), a_(n)+b_(n),and the cyclically shifted a_(n)+(shift b_(n)) sequences. This set has2^(N/2) different sequences. A first coded structure may be based on anyone of the different sequences and a complementary structure may be theequal polarity or negative polarity of the first coded structure,depending on whether repelling or attracting force is desired. Neitherthe first coded structure nor the complementary structure will findstrong attraction with any of the other codes in the 2^(N/2) differentsequences. An exemplary 15 length Kasami small set of four sequences isgiven in Table 3 below. The 0, 1 notation may be transformed to −1, +1as described above. Cyclic shifts and opposite polarity codes may beused as well.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Kasami small set sequences. Sequence K1 0 0 0 1 0 0 11 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 K2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 K3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 1 0 0 1 K4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other codes, such as Walsh codes and Hadamard codes, offer sets of codeswith perfectly zero cross correlation across the set of codes whenaligned, but possibly high correlation performance when misaligned. Suchcodes can provide the unique key function when combined with mechanicalconstraints that insure alignment. Exemplary Walsh codes are as follows:

Denote W(k, n) as Walsh code k in n-length Walsh matrix. It means thek-th row of Hadamard matrix H(m), where n=2m, m an integer. Here k couldbe 0, 1, . . . , n−1. A few Walsh codes are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Walsh Codes Walsh Code Code W(0,1) 1 W(0,2) 1, 1 W(1,2) 1, −1W(0,4) 1, 1, 1, 1 W(1,4) 1, −1, 1, −1 W(2,4) 1, 1, −1, −1 W(3,4) 1, −1,−1, 1 W(0,8) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 W(1,8) 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1W(2,8) 1, 1, −1, −1, 1, 1, −1, −1 W(3,8) 1, −1, −1, 1, 1, −1, −1, 1W(4,8) 1, 1, 1, 1, −1, −1, −1, −1 W(5,8) 1, −1, 1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1W(6,8) 1, 1, −1, −1, −1, −1, 1, 1 W(7,8) 1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1

In use, Walsh codes of the same length would be used as a set of codesthat have zero interaction with one another, i.e., Walsh code W(0,8)will not attract or repel any of the other codes of length 8 whenaligned. Alignment should be assured by mechanical constraints becauseoff alignment attraction can be great.

Codes may be employed as cyclic codes or non-cyclic codes. Cyclic codesare codes that may repetitively follow another code, typicallyimmediately following with the next step after the end of the last code.Such codes may also be referred to as wrapping or wraparound codes.Non-cyclic codes are typically used singly or possibly used repetitivelybut in isolation from adjacent codes. The Barker 7 code example of FIG.5 a is a non-cyclic use of the code; whereas the example of FIG. 9 a isa cyclic use of the same code.

FIG. 9 a depicts an exemplary cyclic code comprising three modulos of aBarker length 7 code. Referring to FIG. 9 a, a Barker length 7 code 500is repeated three times to produce a magnetic field emission structure902.

FIGS. 9 b through 9 o depict relative alignments of a first magneticfield emission structure 502 having polarities and magnet positionsdefined by a Barker length 7 code 500 and a second magnetic fieldemission structure 902 that corresponds to three repeating code modulosof the code 500 used to define the first magnetic field emissionstructure 500. Each magnet has the same or substantially the samemagnetic field strength (or amplitude), which for the sake of thisexample will be provided a unit of 1 (A=−R, A=1, R=−1). Shown in FIGS. 9a through 9 o are 13 different alignments of the first magnetic fieldemission structure 502 to the second magnetic field emission structure902 where all the magnets of the first magnetic structure 502 are alwaysin contact with the repeating second magnetic field emission structure902. For each relative alignment, the number of magnet pairs that repelplus the number of magnet pairs that attract is calculated, where eachalignment has a spatial force in accordance with a spatial forcefunction based upon the correlation function and the magnetic fieldstrengths of the magnets. With the specific Barker code used, thespatial force varies from −1 to 7, where the peak occurs when the twomagnetic field emission structures are aligned such that theirrespective codes are aligned. The off peak spatial force, referred to asside lobe force, is −1. As such, the spatial force function causes thestructures to generally repel each other unless they are substantiallyaligned when they will attract as if the magnets in the structures werenot coded.

FIG. 9 p depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 9 b through 9 o in asingle diagram. In FIG. 9 p, a first magnet structure 902 is stationarywhile a second magnet structure 502 is moved across the top of the firstmagnet structure 902 in a direction 908 according to a scale 904. Thesecond magnet structure 502 is shown at a position 13 according to anindicating pointer 906, which moves with the right magnet of the secondstructure 502. As the second magnet structure 502 is moved from right toleft, the total attraction and repelling forces are determined andplotted in the graph of FIG. 10.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary spatial force function 1000 of the twomagnetic field emission structures of FIGS. 9 b through 9 o (and FIG. 9p) where the code that defines the second magnetic field emissionstructure 902 repeats. As such, as the code modulo repeats there is apeak spatial force that repeats every seven alignment shifts. Thedash-dot lines of FIG. 10 depict additional peak spatial forces thatoccur when the first magnetic field structure 502 is moved relative toadditional code modulos, for example, two additional code modulos. Notethat the total force shows a peak of 7 each time the sliding magnetstructure 502 aligns with the underlying Barker 7 pattern in a similarmanner as previously described for FIG. 6 except the misalignedpositions (positions 1-6 for example) show a constant −1 indicating arepelling force of one magnet pair. In contrast, the force in FIG. 6alternates between 0 and −1 in the misaligned region, where thealternating values are the result of their being relative positions ofnon-cyclic structures where magnets do not have a corresponding magnetwith which to pair up. In magnet structures, cyclic codes may be placedin repeating patterns to form longer patterns or may cycle back to thebeginning of the code as in a circle or racetrack pattern. As such,cyclic codes are useful on cylindrically or spherically shaped objects.

FIG. 11 a depicts an exemplary cyclic code comprising two repeating codemodulos of a Barker length 7 code. Referring to FIG. 11 a, a Barkerlength 7 code is repeated two times to produce a magnetic field emissionstructure 1102.

FIGS. 11 b through 11 ab depict 27 different alignments of two magneticfield emission structures where a Barker code of length 7 is used todetermine the polarities and the positions of magnets making up a firstmagnetic field emission structure 1102 a, which corresponds to twomodulos of the Barker length 7 code 500 end-to-end. Each magnet has thesame or substantially the same magnetic field strength (or amplitude),which for the sake of this example is provided a unit of 1 (A=−R, A=1,R=−1). A second magnetic field emission structure 1102 b that isidentical to the first magnetic field emission structure 1102 a is shownin 27 different alignments relative to the first magnetic field emissionstructure 1102 a. For each relative alignment, the number of magnetpairs that repel plus the number of magnet pairs that attract iscalculated, where each alignment has a spatial force in accordance witha spatial force function based upon the correlation function andmagnetic field strengths of the magnets. With the specific Barker codeused, the spatial force varies from −2 to 14, where the peak occurs whenthe two magnetic field emission structures are aligned such that theirrespective codes are aligned. Two secondary peaks occur when thestructures are half aligned such that one of the successive codes of onestructure aligns with one of the codes of the second structure. The offpeak spatial force, referred to as the side lobe force, varies from −1to −2 between the peak and secondary peaks and between 0 and −1 outsidethe secondary peaks.

FIG. 11 ac depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 11 b through 11 abin a single diagram. In FIG. 1 ac, a first magnet structure 1102 a ismoved across the top of a second magnet structure 1102 b in a direction1108 according to a scale 1104. The first magnet structure 1102 a isshown at position 27 according to an indicating pointer 1106, whichmoves with the right magnet of the first magnet structure 1102 a. As thefirst magnet structure 1102 a is moved from right to left, the totalattraction and repelling forces are determined and plotted in the graphof FIG. 12.

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 11 b through 1 lab. Based on FIG. 6and FIG. 10, FIG. 12 corresponds to the spatial functions in FIG. 6 andFIG. 10 added together.

The magnetic field emission structures disclosed so far are shown anddescribed with respect to relative movement in a single dimension, i.e.,along the interface boundary in the direction of the code. Someapplications utilize such magnet structures by mechanically constrainingthe relative motion to the single degree of freedom being along theinterface boundary in the direction of the code. Other applicationsallow movement perpendicular to the direction of the code along theinterface boundary, or both along and perpendicular to the direction ofthe code, offering two degrees of freedom. Still other applications mayallow rotation and may be mechanically constrained to only rotate arounda specified axis, thus having a single degree of freedom (with respectto movement along the interface boundary.) Other applications may allowtwo lateral degrees of freedom with rotation adding a third degree offreedom. Most applications also operate in the spacing dimension toattract or repel, hold or release. The spacing dimension is usually nota dimension of interest with respect to the code; however, someapplications may pay particular attention to the spacing dimension asanother degree of freedom, potentially adding tilt rotations for sixdegrees of freedom. For applications allowing two lateral degrees offreedom, special codes may be used that place multiple magnets in twodimensions along the interface boundary.

FIG. 13 a and FIG. 13 b illustrate the spatial force functions ofmagnetic field emission structures produced by repeating aone-dimensional code across a second dimension N times (i.e., in rowseach having same coding) where in FIG. 13 a the movement is across thecode (i.e., as in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o) or in FIG. 13 b the movementmaintains alignment with up to all N coded rows of the structure anddown to one.

FIG. 14 a depicts a two dimensional Barker-like code 1400 and acorresponding two-dimensional magnetic field emission structure 1402 a.Referring to FIG. 14 a, a two dimensional Barker-like code 1400 iscreated by copying each row to a new row below, shifting the code in thenew row to the left by one, and then wrapping the remainder to the rightside. When applied to a two-dimensional field emission structure 1402 ainteresting rotation-dependent correlation characteristics are produced.Shown in FIG. 14 a is a two-dimensional mirror image field emissionstructure 1402 b, which is also shown rotated −90°, −180°, and −270° as1402 c-1402 e, respectively. Note that with the two-dimensional fieldemission structure 1402 a, a top down view of the top of the structureis depicted such that the poles of each magnet facing up are shown,whereas with the two-dimensional mirror image field emission structure1402 b, 1402 c, 1402 d, 1402 e a top down view of the bottom of thestructure is depicted such that the poles of each magnet facing down areshown. As such, each magnet of the two-dimensional structure 1402 awould be opposite a corresponding magnet of the mirror image structure1402 b, 1402 c, 1402 d, 1402 e having opposite polarity. Also shown is abottom view of the two-dimensional magnetic field structure 1402 a′. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that the bottom view of the firststructure 1402 a′ is also the mirror image of the top view of the firststructure 1402 a, where 1402 a and 1402 a′ could be interpreted muchlike opposing pages of a book such that when the book closes the all themagnetic source pairs would align to produce a peak attraction force.

Autocorrelation cross-sections were calculated for the four rotations ofthe mirror image field emission structure 1402 b-1402 e moving acrossthe magnetic field emission structure 1402 a in the same direction 1404.Four corresponding numeric autocorrelation cross-sections 1406, 1408,1410, and 1412, respectively, are shown. As indicated, when the mirrorimage is passed across the magnetic field emission structure 1402 a eachcolumn has a net 1R (or −1) spatial force and as additional columnsoverlap, the net spatial forces add up until the entire structure aligns(+49) and then the repel force decreases as less and less columnsoverlap. With −90° and −270° degree rotations, there is symmetry buterratic correlation behavior. With −180° degrees rotation, symmetry islost and correlation fluctuations are dramatic. The fluctuations can beattributed to directionality characteristics of the shift left and wrapapproach used to generate the structure 1402 a, which caused upper rightto lower left diagonals to be produced which when the mirror image wasrotated −180°, these diagonals lined up with the rotated mirror imagediagonals.

FIG. 14 b depicts exemplary spatial force functions resulting from amirror image magnetic field emission structure and a mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure rotated −90° moving across themagnetic field emission structure. Referring to FIG. 14 b, spatial forcefunction 1414 results from the mirror image magnetic field emissionstructure 1402 b moving across the magnetic field emission structure1402 a in a direction 1404 and spatial force function 1416 results fromthe mirror image magnetic field emission structure rotated −90° 1402 cmoving across magnetic field emission structure 1402 a in the samedirection 1404. Characteristics of the spatial force function depictedin FIG. 12 may be consistent with a diagonal cross-section from 0,0 to40,40 of spatial force function 1414 and at offsets parallel to thatdiagonal. Additionally, characteristics of the spatial force functiondepicted in FIG. 13 b may be consistent with a diagonal from 40,0 to0,40 of spatial force function 1414.

FIG. 14 c depicts variations of magnetic field emission structure 1402 awhere rows are reordered randomly in an attempt to affect itsdirectionality characteristics. As shown, the rows of 1402 a arenumbered from top to bottom 1421 through 1427. A second magnetic fieldemission structure 1430 is produced by reordering the rows to 1427,1421, 1424, 1423, 1422, 1426, and 1425. When viewing the seven columnsproduced, each follows the Barker 7 code pattern wrapping downward. Athird magnetic field emission structure 1432 is produced by reorderingthe rows to 1426, 1424, 1421, 1425, 1423, 1427, and 1422. When viewingthe seven columns produced, the first, second, and sixth columns do notfollow the Barker 7 code pattern while the third column follows theBarker 7 code pattern wrapping downward while the fourth, fifth andseven columns follow the Barker 7 code pattern wrapping upward. A fourthmagnetic field emission structure 1434 is produced by reordering therows 1425, 1421, 1427, 1424, 1422, 1426, and 1423. When viewing theseven columns produced, each follows the Barker 7 code pattern wrappingupward. A fifth magnetic field emission structure 1436 is produced byreversing the polarity of three of the rows of the first magnetic fieldemission structure 1402 a. Specifically, the magnets of rows 1422 a,1424 a and 1426 a are reversed in polarity from the magnets of rows1422, 1424, and 1426, respectively. Note that the code of 1402 a has 28“+” magnets and 21 “−” magnets; whereas, alternative fifth magneticfield emission structure 1436 has 25 “+” magnets and 24 “−” magnets—anearly equal number. Thus, the far field of fifth magnetic field fromstructure 1436 will nearly cancel to zero, which can be valuable in someapplications. A sixth magnetic field emission structure 1438 is producedby reversing the direction of three of the rows. Specifically, thedirection of rows 1422 b, 1424 b and 1426 b are reversed from 1422,1424, and 1426, respectively. A seventh magnetic field emissionstructure 1440 is produced using four codes of low mutual crosscorrelation, for example four rows 1442, 1444, 1446, and 1448 eachhaving a different 15 length Kasami code. Because the rows have lowcross correlation and low autocorrelation, shifts either laterally or upand down (as viewed on the page) or both will result in low magneticforce. Generally, two dimensional codes may be generated by combiningmultiple single dimensional codes. In particular, the single dimensionalcodes may be selected from sets of codes with known low mutual crosscorrelation. Gold codes and Kasami codes are two examples of such codes,however other code sets may also be used.

More generally, FIG. 14 c illustrates that two dimensional codes may begenerated from one dimensional codes by assembling successive rows ofone dimensional codes and that different two dimensional codes may begenerated by varying each successive row by operations including but notlimited to changing the order, shifting the position, reversing thedirection, and/or reversing the polarity.

Additional magnet structures having low magnetic force with a firstmagnet structure generated from a set of low cross correlation codes maybe generated by reversing the polarity of the magnets or by usingdifferent subsets of the set of available codes. For example, rows 1442and 1444 may form a first magnet structure and rows 1446 and 1448 mayform a second magnet structure. The complementary magnet structure ofthe first magnet structure will have low force reaction to the secondmagnet structure, and conversely, the complementary magnet structure ofthe second magnet structure will have a low force reaction to the firstmagnet structure. Alternatively, if lateral or up and down movement isrestricted, an additional low interaction magnet structure may begenerated by shifting (rotating) the codes or changing the order of therows. Movement may be restricted by such mechanical features asalignment pins, channels, stops, container walls or other mechanicallimits.

FIG. 14 d depicts a spatial force function 1450 resulting from thesecond magnetic field emission structure 1430 moving across its mirrorimage structure in one direction 1404 and a spatial force function 1452resulting from the second magnetic field emission structure 1430 afterbeing rotated −90° moving in the same direction 1404 across the mirrorimage of the second magnetic field emission structure 1430.

FIG. 14 e depicts a spatial force function 1454 resulting from fourthmagnetic field emission structure 1434 moving across its mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure in a direction 1404 and a spatialforce function 1456 resulting from the fourth magnetic field emissionstructure 1434 being rotated −90° and moving in the same direction 1404across its mirror image magnetic field emission structure.

Turning now to FIG. 15, embodiments of the present invention expand onthe aforementioned revolutionary coded magnetism technology to providetechniques for generating electrical pulses using correlated inductance.Unlike correlated magnetism, which involves correlation of a firstmagnetic field emission structure with a second magnetic field emissionstructure to produce a magnetic attract or repel force in accordancewith a spatial force function (or spatial magnetic force function),embodiments of the present invention involve correlation of a magneticfield emission structure with a coil structure to produce anelectromotive force in accordance with a spatial electromotive forcefunction. However, even with this substitution of the coil structure forthe second magnetic field emission structure, the coding techniquesdescribed above and in the patent applications incorporated by referencewill still be valid and useful in the present invention. Moreover, oneskilled in the art will recognize that, if the same coding is employed,the correlation between two magnetic field structures is very much likethe correlation between a magnetic field emission structure and a coilstructure. Although, as opposed to the spatial magnetic force functiondescribed above where a produced magnetic force corresponds to a givenrelative alignment in time between two magnetic field emissionstructures that can remain stationary, embodiments of the presentinvention produce an electromotive force that corresponds to a givenrelative alignment in time between a magnetic field structure and a coilstructure where at least one of the two structures must be moving. ForFIGS. 15-19D, an exemplary Barker 13 code is used. However, one skilledin the art will recognize that many different types of codes can be usedincluded any of the codes described above and in the patent applicationsincorporated by reference herein.

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary system for producing an electric pulse inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention. Referring to FIG.15, a system 1500 for producing an electric pulse comprises a coilstructure 1502 having thirteen coils 1504 a-1504 m that have positionsand serial wiring (corresponding to a polarity of current direction)defined in accordance with a Barker-13 code. The system 1500 alsocomprises a magnetic field structure 1506 having thirteen magnetic fieldsources 1508 a-1508 m that have positions and polarities defined inaccordance with the Barker-13 code. Each coil 1504 a-1504 m of the coilstructure 1502 has a corresponding magnetic field source 1508 a-1508 mof the magnetic field structure 1506. As such, when the coil structure1502 is moved across the magnetic field structure 1506 (or vice versa),an electric pulse is produced at output terminals 1510 at the precisemoment when the coil structure 1502 becomes substantially aligned withthe magnetic field structure 1506 such that the corresponding coils 1504a-1504 m and magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m align. In practice,the depicted magnetic field structure 1506 can be turned such that thepoles shown on the left side of the magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 mwould face downward when moved across the coil structure 1502 to producea positive electric pulse. Alternatively, the depicted magnetic fieldstructure 1506 can be turned such that the poles shown on the right sideof the magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m would face downward whenmoved across the coil structure 1502 to produce a negative electricpulse

FIGS. 16A-16C depict exemplary alignments of a first object 1602 with asecond object 1604. The first object 1602 has associated with it themagnetic field structure 1606 and the second object has associated withit the coil structure 1602. As such, FIGS. 16A-16C depict the firstobject 1602 moving across the second object 1604 where the coilstructure 1602 and magnetic field structure are shown to besubstantially aligned in FIG. 16B. Alternatively, the first object 1602could have associated with it the coil structure 1502 and the secondobject could have associated with it the magnetic field structure 1506.Under either arrangement, the movement of two objects can have manypossible partial alignments that do not produce the desired electricpulse but will correlate when substantially aligned to produce thedesired electric pulse.

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary correlation function 1700 showing voltageproduced by coil structure 1502 given 25 relative alignments of the coilstructure 1502 and the magnetic field structure 1506, which representthe possible alignments of the coils and magnetic field sources as themagnetic field structure 1506 passes across the coil structure 1502 suchas depicted in FIGS. 16A-16C. One skilled in the art will recognize thatthe electric pulse 1702 is produced when all 13 coils 1504 a-1504 m arealigned with their corresponding magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m.The correlation function can also be referred to as a spatialelectromotive force function.

FIGS. 18A and 18B depict another exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.Referring to FIG. 18A, the system 1800 comprises a wheel 1802 (e.g., aflywheel) having associated with it a coil structure 1502. As shown, thecoil structure 1502 is embedded inside the wheel but it can be otherwiseconfigured such that its coils cover the outside of the wheel. In theexample system 1800, the coil structure 1502 covers approximately halfof the circumference of the wheel 1802, although the present inventionis not limited in this respect. The system 1800 also comprises a halfarch-like structure 1804 having associated with a magnetic fieldstructure 1506. The wheel 1802 is able to turn inside the half arch-likestructure 1804 about an axis 1806. As it turns, the coils 1504-1504 b ofthe coil structure 1502 will achieve different alignments with themagnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m of the magnetic field structure1506. When all 13 coils 1504 a-1504 m are aligned with theircorresponding magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m, as depicted in FIG.18B, an electric pulse will be produced. Again, 13 coils are used hereas only an illustrative example and any plurality of coils areanticipated to be within the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 18C depicts yet another exemplary system for producing an electricpulse in accordance with the present invention. Referring to FIG. 18C,the exemplary system 1808 is similar to the exemplary system shown inFIGS. 18A and 18B except the coil structure 1502 is shown covering theentire circumference of the wheel 1802, the arch-like structure 1804 nowresembles a donut structure since it completely surrounds wheel 1802,and the magnetic field structure 1506 also surrounds the coil structure1502. One skilled in the art will recognize that this arrangementcorresponds to a code wrap around the wheel/donut structure. As with theprevious system 1800, the exemplary system 1808 will also produce anelectric pulse when all 13 coils 1504 a-1504 m are aligned with theircorresponding magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m, as depicted in FIG.18B. One skilled in the art will also recognize that because of the codewrapping, the correlation function shown in FIG. 17 would be variedsomewhat in that the voltage would be 1 for each of the alignments otherthan the 13th alignment, which would remain the same.

FIG. 18D depicts still another exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with the present invention. Referring toFIG. 18D, the exemplary system 410 differs from the previous systems ofFIGS. 18A-18C in that the coil structure 1502 is on the top of the wheel1802 instead of on the outside. Similarly, the magnetic field structure1506 is on the bottom of a partial arch structure 1812 shown positionedabove the wheel such that as the wheel 1802 spins about the axis 1806,the substantial alignment of all 13 coils 1504 a-1504 m with theircorresponding magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 m can occur to producean electric pulse. One skilled in the art will recognize that the halfarch, donut shape, and partial arch shapes used in the exemplary systemsof FIGS. 18A-18C were exemplary and could be changed to many differentdesired shapes to practice the invention. Furthermore, the locations ofthe coils structure 1502 and magnetic field structure 1506 can beinterchanged in each of the exemplary systems.

The electric pulse produced can serve many useful functions, forexample, ignition of fuel in an engine, such as a 2-cycle engine, wherethe invention can be described as a correlated magneto system.Furthermore, the electric pulse can be used in a control system toindicate the event of a first object being in a precise positionrelative to a second object at a precise instance in time. As such, theinvention can be used as a precision position measurement device, whichmight alternatively be described as being a precision (event) timingdevice. Such precision timing devices can be useful for variousapplications such as sports timing, control systems, etc.

FIG. 19 depicts a further exemplary system for producing an electricpulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Referringto FIG. 19, a system 1900 for producing an electric pulse comprises acoil structure 1902 having thirteen coils 1504 a-1504 m that havepositions and parallel wiring (corresponding to a polarity of currentdirections) defined in accordance with a Barker-13 code. The system 1900also comprises magnetic field structure 1506 having thirteen magneticfield sources 1508 a-1508 m that have positions and polarities definedin accordance with the Barker-13 code. Each coil 1504 a-1504 m of thecoil structure 1902 has a corresponding magnetic field source 1508a-1508 m of the magnetic field structure 1506. As such, when the coilstructure 1902 is moved across the magnetic field structure 1506 (orvice versa), an electric pulse is produced at output terminals 1510 atthe precise moment that the coil structure 1902 becomes substantiallyaligned with the magnetic field structure 1506 such that thecorresponding coils 1504 a-1504 m and the magnetic field sources 1508a-1508 m align. In practice, the depicted magnetic field structure 1506can be turned such that the poles shown on the left side of the magneticfield sources 1508 a-1508 m would face downward when moved across thecoil structure 1902 to produce a positive electric pulse. Alternatively,the depicted magnetic field structure 1506 can be turned such that thepoles shown on the right side of the magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508m would face downward when moved across the coil structure 1902 toproduce a negative electric pulse.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary two-dimensional version of the system forproducing an electric pulse in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent invention. Referring to FIG. 20, two-dimensional system 2000includes a coil structure 2002 that has seven columns of coils eachhaving positions and serial wiring corresponding to a different “7 codewrap” of a Barker 7 code. A Barker 7 code is described above and in thepatent applications incorporated by reference herein. Thetwo-dimensional system 2000 may also include a magnetic field structure2004 and have seven columns of magnetic field sources each havingpositions and polarities in accordance with the same coding as coilstructure 2002. As such, when the magnetic field structure 2004 isplaced on top of the coil structure 2002, there is one alignment whereeach coil of the coil structure 2002 will align with its correspondingmagnetic field source of the magnetic field structure 2004 to produce anelectric pulse at the output terminals 1510.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the coil structure 2002 couldbe replaced by a coil structure having parallel wiring or any of variouscombinations of serial and parallel wiring. For example, each of thecoils of the coil structure 2002 could be wired in parallel in a mannerconsistent with the coil structure 1902 of FIG. 19. Alternatively, eachcolumn of coils of the coil structure 2002 might be wired in series andthe outputs of each of the columns might be connected in parallel.Generally, one skilled in the art will understand that such wiringalternatives are design decisions and that alternative wiring designsmight be desirable to support various applications of the invention.

Electric pulses produced by such two-dimensional systems can be used asdescribed above (e.g., for ignition, precision position determination,and precision event timing purposes), but also may be used fordetermining and measuring precision alignment of two objects. Moreover,an in-phase and quadrature (I&Q) coil arrangement can be employed toproduce a control system for controlling movement of one or both objectsas necessary to achieve alignment. Additionally, the three-dimensionalspatial electromotive force function corresponding to thetwo-dimensional system 2000 (or other two-dimensional systems) can beused to determine the relative positions of two objects havingassociated with them the coil structure 2002 and the magnetic fieldstructure 2004. Specifically, the relative positions of the two objectscan be determined by comparing the three-dimensional spatialelectromotive force function to measurements of the output voltage asthe two objects move relative to each other. Such measurements can beused to vary movement of at least one of the objects for guidancecontrol purposes.

FIG. 21A depicts still another exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.Referring to FIG. 21A, a system 2100 for producing an electric pulsecomprises a coil structure 2102 having seven primary coils 1504 a-1504 gand seven secondary coils 2104 a-2104 g that have positions and serialwiring (corresponding to a polarity of current directions) defined inaccordance with a Barker-7 code. The system 2100 also comprises amagnetic field structure 106 having seven magnetic field sources 1508a-1508 g that have positions and polarities defined in accordance withthe Barker-7 code. Each primary coil 1504 a-1504 g of the coil structure2102 has a corresponding magnetic field source 1508 a-1508 g of themagnetic field structure 1506. As the magnetic field structure 1506 ismoved across the primary coils 1504 a-1504 g, a voltage is collected ina capacitor 2112. As such, a peak voltage is achieved in the capacitor2112 at the precise moment that the coil structure 2102 becomessubstantially aligned with the magnetic field structure 1506 such thatthe corresponding coils 1504 a-1504 g and magnetic field sources 1508a-1508 g align. Simultaneously, a normally closed switch 2110 is openedcausing a voltage (back electromotive force) transient to be generatedacross the primary coils 1504 a-1504 g and the corresponding secondarycoils 2104 a-2104 g thereby resulting in an electric pulse beingproduced at the output terminals 1510, which might correspond to a sparkplug. The switch 2110 is connected between a ground 2106 and the primarycoils of the coil structure 2102. In practice, the depicted magneticfield structure 1506 can be turned such that the poles shown on the leftside of the magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 g would face downwardwhen moved across the primary coils of 1504 a-1504 g of the coilstructure 2102 to produce a positive electric pulse. Alternatively, thedepicted magnetic field structure 1506 can be turned such that the polesshown on the right side of the magnetic field sources 1508 a-1508 gwould face downward when moved across the primary coils of 1504 a-1504 gof the coil structure 2102 to produce a negative electric pulse.

FIG. 21B depicts an alternative exemplary system for producing anelectric pulse in accordance with the invention. Referring to FIG. 21B,a system 2114 for producing an electric pulse comprises a coil structure2116 having seven primary coils 1504 a-1504 g and seven secondary coils2104 a-2104 g that have positions and parallel wiring (corresponding toa polarity of current directions) defined in accordance with a Barker-7code. One skilled in the art will recognize that the coil structure 2116could be replaced by a coil structure having any of various combinationsof serial and parallel wiring. For example, each of the primary coils ofthe coil structure 2002 could be wired in parallel while the secondarycoils could be wired in series. Alternatively, the primary coils couldbe wired in series and the secondary coils could be wired in parallel.Additionally, each of the primary coils could have its own capacitor andswitch. Generally, one skilled in the art will understand that suchwiring alternatives are design decisions and that alternative wiringdesigns might be desirable to support various applications of theinvention.

FIG. 22A depicts a top down view of an ignition system 2200 comprising awheel 1802 having a magnetic field structure 1506 installed along aportion of its side. As the wheel 1802 spins about an axis 1806 themagnetic field structure 1506 aligns with the primary coils of the coilstructure 2102 attached to a second object near the wheel 1802. Alsodepicted in FIG. 22A is a magnet 2202 positioned on top of the wheel1802 that spins along with the wheel 1802 and along with the magneticfield structure 1506. At the precise moment when the magnetic fieldstructure 1506 aligns with the coil structure 2102, the magnet 2202aligns with a normally closed switch 2204, for example a reed switch,causing it to open.

FIG. 22B depicts a top down view of an ignition system 2206 that issimilar to the ignition system 2202 depicted in FIG. 22A except theignition system 2206 depicts seven magnets 2202 a-2202 g that areassociated with the seven switches and capacitors of an alternative coilstructure as described in relation to FIG. 21B where each primary coilhas its own switch and capacitor. As the wheel 1802 spins, the sevenmagnets 2202 a-2202 g align with their corresponding switches 2204a-2204 g at the precise moment that the magnetic field structure 1506aligns with the coil structure 2102. Under one arrangement, the magnets2202 a-2202 g and switches 2204 a-2204 g are arranged in accordance witha code such that they are all open only when the magnets and switchesare all aligned.

FIG. 23 provides an illustration depicting the present invention as itmay be used in an ignition system 2200 of an engine 2300. Further, theignition system 2200 may be utilized in devices such as two-cycle motorsused in a lawn mower 2302, a leaf blower 2304 and a tiller 2306. It isunderstood that these are just a few illustrative uses for two-cycleengines and that the two-cycle engine is just an illustrative example ofthe use of the ignition system and the ignition system is just one ofmany uses for the electric pulse generation of embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 24A depicts a coil 1504 oriented perpendicular to the direction ofmovement of a magnet 1508. The coil 1504 is connected to other coils inaccordance with a code. The coil 1504 surrounds a core 2402 having highmagnetic permeability, for example iron. The core 2402 is connected by aconnector 2404 to one or the other of two conductor bars 2406 a, 2406 bin accordance with the code. Under one arrangement, the connector 2404and the two conductor bars 2406 a, 2406 b also have a high magneticpermeability.

FIG. 24B depicts the connectivity of cores 2402 a-2402 g usingconnectors 2404 a-2404 g to conductor bars 2406 a, 2406 b in accordancewith a code. The cores 2402 a-2402 g are with coils 1504 a-1504 g (notshown) that are oriented perpendicular to the direction of the movementof corresponding magnets (also not shown) as depicted in FIG. 24A. Whenthe seven magnets 1508 a-1508 g align with coils 1504 a-1504 g, a sparkarcs across points 2408 causing a normally closed switch 2110 to opensuch as is included in the system 2100 for producing an electric pulseprovided in FIG. 21A.

FIG. 24C depicts a coil 1504 oriented parallel to the direction ofmovement of a magnet 1508. The coil 1504 is connected to other coils inaccordance with a code. The coil 1504 surrounds a core 2402 having highmagnetic permeability, for example iron. The core 2402 is connected by aconnector 2404 to one or the other of two conductor bars 2406 a, 2406 bin accordance with the code. Under one arrangement, the connector 2404and the two conductor bars 2406 a, 2406 b also have a high magneticpermeability.

FIG. 24D depicts the connectivity of cores 2402 a-2402 g usingconnectors 2404 a-2404 g to conductor bars 2406 a, 2406 b in accordancewith a code. The cores 2402 a-2402 g are with coils 1504 a-1504 g (notshown) that are oriented parallel to the direction of the movement ofcorresponding magnets (also not shown) as depicted in FIG. 24C. When theseven magnets 1508 a-1508 g align with coils 1504 a-1504 g, a spark arcsacross points 2408 causing a normally closed switch 2110 to open such asis included in the system 2100 for producing an electric pulse providedin FIG. 21A.

Various techniques can be used to vary aspects of the correlated magnetoof the present invention in order to advance or retard the timing of anengine. One approach is to move the correlation spike by re-coding thecoils with switches, for example mechanical or high voltagesemiconductor switches. This approach would provide two or more discretepoints (in time) at which the high voltage could be produced dependingon the switch positions. A number of conventional ways in which pointsare currently advanced or retarded in ignition coil-based systems, suchas vacuum or centrifugal force, can be used to provide two or morepositions at which the points open that correspond to the desiredtiming. Alternatively, the points could be made to close and open at allof the positions since a spark would only be produced when thecorrelation spike is present for a particular angle. Another approachwould be to use a code that has multiple peaks where the points wouldopen at a selected angle corresponding to one of the peaks. Stillanother approach is to use coding and magnet/coil spacing to produce asquare pulse that is long enough to span the whole spark advance/retardrange so that the points timing alone can be used to advance or retardtiming. Under one arrangement, even spacing between magnets and betweencoils would be used. Under another arrangement, uneven spacing betweenmagnets and between coils would be used, where the uneven spacing wouldtake advantage of the monocycle waveform produced by the magnet/coil andact as a kind of filter, such as a Chebychev or the like. Since thereare many ways to synthesize such filters it will be hard to exhaust allthe variations. Some of the variables which can either be applied to thewhole ensemble or on a per chip basis, are: spacing, magnet strength,core/magnet width (changes the monocycle wavelength) and transformerturns.

FIG. 25 depicts an exemplary correlated inductive battery chargercircuit 2500 that includes a coil structure 2102 like that of FIG. 21Ahaving seven primary coils 1504 a-1504 g and seven secondary coils 2104a-2104 g that have positions and serial wiring (corresponding to apolarity of current directions) defined in accordance with a Barker-7code. The primary coils 1504 a-1504 g are connected to an alternatingcurrent (AC) voltage source 2502, for example a 110-volt AC electricaloutlet in a home. One end of connected secondary coils 2104 a-2104 g isconnected to a ground 2502. The other end of the connected secondarycoils 2104 a-2104 g is connected to a controlled rectifier 2504 thatoutputs to a battery 2506, which is also connected to a ground 2502.

Generally, various correlated inductance designs involving differenttypes of magnetic field emission structures and corresponding coilstructures can be implemented with myriad different object shapes toinclude the cylindrical, spherical, multi-level, and various othershapes described above and in patents incorporated by reference herein.Correlated inductance techniques can also be combined with correlatedmagnetic techniques. For example, correlated inductance can be used tocontrol assembly of magnetic field emission structures to objects duringassembly and to measure alignment accuracy of magnetic field emissionstructures relative to such objects.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, itwill be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto,since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art,particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.

1. A system for producing an electrical pulse, comprising: a firstobject having a field emission structure comprising a plurality of fieldemission sources having polarities and positions in accordance with acode; and a second object having a plurality of coils, said plurality ofcoils being wired and having positions in accordance with said code,said first object moving relative to said second object to align saidfield emission structure with said plurality of coils, movement throughsaid alignment of said field emission structure with said plurality ofcoils producing said electrical pulse.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinsaid plurality of field emission sources comprise permanent magnets. 3.The system of claim 1, wherein said field emission structure and saidplurality of coils are aligned periodically.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein said code is a Barker code.
 5. The system of claim 1, whereinsaid second object with said plurality of coils is embedded in a wheelstructure, and an arch-like structure associated with said first objectis formed around said wheel and wherein said wheel is adapted to turninside said arch-like structure about an axis.
 6. The system of claim 1,wherein said second object with said plurality of coils is formed on theoutside of a wheel structure, and an arch-like structure associated withsaid first object is formed around said wheel structure and wherein saidwheel structure is adapted to turn inside said arch-like structure aboutan axis.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said second object with saidplurality of coils is embedded in, or on the outside of, a wheelstructure, and a donut shaped structure associated with said firstobject completely surrounds said wheel and wherein said wheel is adaptedto turn inside said donut shaped structure.
 8. The system of claim 1,wherein said second object with said plurality of coils is on the top ofa wheel structure, and said first object is formed on a bottom portionof a partial arch structure positioned above said wheel structure,wherein said wheel is adapted to turn beneath said partial archstructure.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said system is used toproduce an electrical pulse for fuel ignition in an engine.
 10. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein said engine is a two-cycle engine.
 11. Amethod, comprising: producing an electrical pulse by passing a fieldemission structure comprising a plurality of field emission sources thathave polarities and positions in accordance with a code proximately to aplurality of wired coils having positions in accordance with said codesuch that when said field emission structure aligns with said pluralityof coils in a manner consistent with said code, said plurality of coilsproduces said electrical pulse.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein saidplurality of field emission sources comprise permanent magnets.
 13. Themethod of claim 11, wherein said field emission structure and said wiredcoils are aligned periodically.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein saidcode is a Barker code.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said coilsare embedded in a wheel structure, and an arch-like field emissionstructure is formed around said wheel structure and wherein said wheelis adapted to turn inside said arch-like structure about an axis. 16.The method of claim 11, wherein said plurality of wired coils are formedon an outside of a wheel structure, and an arch-like field emissionstructure is formed around said wheel structure and wherein said wheelstructure is adapted to turn inside said arch-like field emissionstructure about an axis.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein saidplurality of wired coils are embedded in, or on the outside of, a wheelstructure, and a donut shaped field emission structure completelysurrounds said wheel and wherein said wheel is adapted to turn insidesaid donut shaped structure.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein saidplurality of wired coils are on the top of a wheel structure, and saidfield emission structure is formed on a bottom portion of a partial archstructure positioned above said wheel structure, wherein said wheel isadapted to turn beneath said partial arch structure.
 19. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said system is used to produce an electrical pulse forfuel ignition in an engine.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein saidengine is a two-cycle engine.
 21. A apparatus, comprising: a fieldemission source having polarities and positions in accordance with acode; a plurality of connected coils adapted to move proximate to saidfield emission source and having positions in accordance with said code;and wherein an electrical pulse is created when said field emissionsource is moved through alignment with said plurality of connected coilsaccording to said code.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein saidapparatus is an ignition system.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21, whereinsaid field emission source comprises permanent magnets.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 21, wherein said field emission structure and saidplurality of coils are aligned periodically.
 25. The apparatus of claim21, wherein said code is a Barker code.
 27. The apparatus of claim 21,wherein said coils are wired in series, in parallel or any combinationof series or parallel wiring.
 28. The apparatus of claim 21, whereinsaid coils are arranged according to an inphase-quadrature (I-Q) coilarrangement to produce a control system for controlling movement or toachieve alignment of said field emission source or said coil.
 29. Theapparatus of claim 21, wherein said apparatus is adapted to determinerelative positions of two objects having associated with them said coilstructure and said field emission source and wherein said relativepositions of said two objects is determined by comparing athree-dimensional spatial electromotive force function to measurementsof output voltages as said two objects move relative to each other. 30.The apparatus of claim 29, wherein said relative position measurementsare used to vary movement of at least one of said two objects forguidance control purposes.
 31. An apparatus for producing an electricalpulse, comprising: a coil structure having a plurality of primary coilsand a plurality of secondary coils, wherein said primary and secondarycoils have positions and wiring defined in accordance with apredetermined code; and a magnetic field structure proximate to saidcoil structure and having a plurality of magnetic field sources thathave positions and polarities defined in accordance with the said code.32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said wiring of either saidprimary and/or secondary coil is serial and said positions and wiringcorresponds to a polarity of current directions defined in said code.33. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said wiring of either saidprimary and/or secondary coil is parallel and said positions and wiringcorresponds to a polarity of current directions defined in said code.33. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said code is a Barker code. 34.The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising a capacitor and wherein assaid magnetic field structure is moved across said primary coils, avoltage is collected in said capacitor such that a peak voltage isachieved in said capacitor at the precise moment that said coilstructure becomes substantially aligned with the magnetic fieldstructure according to said code.
 35. The apparatus of claim 34, furthercomprising a closed switch and wherein simultaneously to said peakvoltage being created, said closed switch 2110 is opened causing avoltage transient to be generated across said primary coils andcorresponding secondary coils thereby resulting in an electric pulsebeing produced at an output terminal.
 36. The apparatus of claim 31,wherein said magnetic field structure is turned such that when movedacross said primary coils a positive electric pulse is created.
 37. Theapparatus of claim 31, wherein said magnetic field structure is turnedsuch that when moved across said primary coils a negative electric pulseis created.
 38. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said coils areembedded in a wheel structure, and said magnetic field structure is anarch-like structure around said wheel structure and wherein said wheelis adapted to turn inside said arch-like structure about an axis and atthe precise moment when said magnetic field structure aligns with saidcoil a magnet aligns with a normally closed switch causing it to open.